Compensation and Benefits Peer Discussion Personal Statement

Compensation and Benefits Peer Discussion - Personal Statement Example The first point is when I read about the â€Å"NAFTA – the North American Free Trade Agreement† (p. 308). I like this system of free trade and in my point of views these kinds of trades system allows multiple countries to execute business with each other in more organized manner. The second point that I found interesting was that in Mexico there is implemented a Federal Labor Law that clearly differentiates between a worker and an employer. I like the idea that both types of labor is identified and treated individually. This thought of differentiation can only be productive for any company if it is managed positively. Otherwise, the same thought can become destructive for any organization. When I compare these two concepts with other countries then I found that Brazil also has a kind of law for its employers and that is â€Å"Consolidation of Labor Laws† (p. 314) but there is no differentiation between an employer and a worker. It treats all of the workers and employees equally. Since, what I think it shouldn’t be like that. There should be a line between the workers and employees of an organization. If we do so then our employees would feel honor and work with more hard work while on the other hand our workers would try to become an employee as well and pitch in their efforts to get a batch of an employee. Now if I apply these concepts in my organization, then I would definitely try to introduce this free trade system between other countries and my country. This will not only ensure good relationship between multiple nations but also we get a good market share from other countries as well. In the end it will be good for the overall growth of my company. Besides that I would surely introduce the second concept as well in my organization but in a positive way. Like a worker is a person who has recently joined our organization while an employee is a person who has been working with us since last two years. An

16th Century Travel PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

16th Century Travel - PowerPoint Presentation Example With the domestication of animals that can bear people on their backs, people found it more convenient and, during that time, more time efficient to ride animals to get where they were going than walk. Consequently, people started to journey using horses, donkeys, camels and even water buffalos. The distance did not matter although horses were more commonly used for long travels because of their speed. Land transportation soon saw another change. Mostly on horses, man decided to find a much easier way to bring their crops or goods. This brought about the development of rough sledges and sleds on snow. The rolling drag was used for regular ground. Logs were placed under a platform so that the platform moved along whenever the logs rolled. Later on, the log was sliced and a hole was carved out from its center. This was the called the wheel. The use of the wheel made transportation even faster and more convenient. It also made traveling more comfortable. Even before the beginning of the modern era, the wheel had given rise to carts, chariots, wagons, carriages and coaches. Carriages came with four wheels and a rounded top and were pulled by two or four horses. The decoration and the materials used in making the carriages defined what class of people used them. Even before domesticating animals, man had already developed a way to move on water. â€Å"The origin of the dugout boat is one of history’s great mysteries.† (The History) Later on, a piece of cloth was added to the boat and this was called a sail. In the 16th century, explorers and traders alike would spend a lot of time on the descendant of the simple boat. From the junks of the Chinese to the caravels of the Mediterranean and the caravels of the Europeans, men of the 16th century saw themselves moving across the seas aboard huge ships. The caravel was the most commonly used water vessel in the 16th century due to the fact that the built and strength met

Why the South Lost the War Essay Example for Free

Why the South Lost the War Essay â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. † These words, spoken by Abraham Lincoln during his campaign to be a senator from Illinois, ring eerily true with the truth about the country’s uncertain future. Only three short years after Lincoln gave this speech, civil war would break out between the northern and southern states, and it would end four years later with the South running away with its tail between its legs. Why did the South lose the war? The South entered into the Civil War unprepared to fight and, ultimately, was starting a fight it was destined to lose. In the end, there were five factors that led to the defeat of the South: The fundamental economic superiority of the North, a basic lack of sound military strategy strategy in the way the South fought the war, the inept Southern performance in foreign affairs, lack of a dominating civilian leader in the South, and President Abraham Lincoln (Hersch, 2002). The first contributing factor to the South’s loss of the war is the fact that the North had a fundamentally sturdier and superior economy. Economically, the Civil War was not a contest between equals. The South had no factories to produce guns or ammunition, and its railroads were small and not interconnected, meaning that it was hard for the South to move food, weapons, and men quickly over long distances. In addition, though agriculture thrived in the South, planters focused on cash crops like tobacco and cotton and did not produce enough food crops to feed the southern population (â€Å"Economy† 2004). The North, on the other hand, had enough food and enough factories to make weapons for all of its soldiers. It also had an extensive rail network that could transport men and weapons rapidly and cheaply. At first, this superiority of the North didnt seem to make much of a difference. Like many wars in history, those involved thought it would be over quickly. However, northern logistical capabilities would prove crucial as the war dragged on (â€Å"Economy† 2004). The second reason for Southern defeat was the fact that the South simply lacked any sort of coherent strategy, military of otherwise. Inferior strategies employed by the South included: the defense of Richmond, the defense of the coastal areas, gaining the Border States into the Confederacy, the offensive defense of taking the war into Maryland and Pennsylvania, blockade running and privateers, as well as efforts to gain diplomatic recognition (or assistance) from Britain and/or France (Resch, 2005). The South utilized the few resources it had effectively, but the Southern railroads could not keep up to the demands placed on it, unlike the Northern railroads, which grew during the war. These several problems hindered the South greatly in winning the war. One might stop and wonder why the South was not more proactive in finding solutions to these problems, but the answer is obvious: the South simply did not have the centralized power structure and decision makers necessary to remedy its struggling economy (Resch, 2005). Thirdly, the South struggled greatly in the area of foreign affairs. The South constantly attempted to become recognized by other nations as its own independent power, but over the course of the war not a single foreign nation would formally recognize the Confederacy. One such country was Britain. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was officially neutral throughout the American Civil War, 1861-65 (Harrison, 2005). The Confederate strategy for securing independence was largely based on British and French military intervention, which never happened; however intervention would have meant war with the United States. A serious conflict between Britain and the United States erupted over the Trent Affair in 1861; it was resolved in a few months (Harrison, 2005). The quandary of the South in the area of foreign affairs was caused by the fact that Jefferson Davis believed that the British dependence on textiles would force the British into an alliance with the South due to its abundant cotton resources. As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, left foreign policy to others in government and, rather than developing an aggressive diplomatic effort, tended to expect events to accomplish diplomatic objectives (Harrison, 2005). The new president was committed to the notion that cotton would secure recognition and legitimacy from the powers of Europe. The men Davis selected as secretary of state and emissaries to Europe were chosen for political and personal reasons – not for their diplomatic potential (Hersch, 2002). This was due, in part, to the belief that the demand for cotton could accomplish the Confederate objectives with little help from Confederate diplomats. One positive in the Confederacy’s foreign affairs was its ability to employ the British shipyard (John Laird nd Sons) to build two warships for the Confederacy, including the CSS Alabama, causing vehement protests from the United States (Harrison, 2005). The controversy continued after the Civil War in the form of the Alabama Claims, in which the United States finally was given $15. 5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by British-built warships (Harrison, 2005). The British built and operated most of the blockade runners, spending hundreds of millions of pounds on them; but that was legal and not the cause of serious tension. In the end, these instances of British involvement neither shifted the outcome of the war nor provoked the U. S. into declaring war against Britain. The United States diplomatic mission headed by Minister Charles Francis Adams, Sr. proved much more successful than the Confederate missions, which were never officially recognized (Harrison, 2005). Fourthly, is the fact that the South did not possess a dominating civilian leader. The Confederacy was also not as unified as is commonly thought. Parts of the Confederacy were extremely loyal while others such as East Tennessee were hotbeds of Unionist activity (Resch, 2005). These citizens resisted Confederate drafts, and refused to pay Confederate taxes. Many of these Unionists formed groups of activists to resist the Confederate government. Confederate loyalists persecuted unionists in East Tennessee and in other areas (Resch, 2005). Nevertheless, internal opposition to the Confederacy hurt the stability of a region as well as undermined the war effort. These shortcomings in civilian leadership lead to the downfall of the Confederacy, because without the people supporting the cause or stepping up to participate in the war effort, there could be no hope of ever winning the war (Resch, 2005). Finally, the success of the South was ultimately doomed as soon as Abraham Lincoln took office as President. With the election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln on November 6, 1860, South Carolina, followed by six other states, seceded from the Union (Kelly, 2009). Even though his views about slavery were considered moderate during the nomination and election, South Carolina had warned it would secede if he won. This attitude was encouraged by the confederate leaders in the South, and it was this bigoted resentment that was a contributing factor to the start of the Civil War (Kelly, 2009). Lincoln agreed with the majority of the Republican Party that the South was becoming too powerful, and made it part of their platform that slavery would not be extended to any new territories or states added to the union. One could imagine how this would anger the South and cause them to feel threatened by the North. Here was a republican President from the North taking the side of the North in not allowing the South to expand its lucrative business of slavery. Lincoln perhaps single handedly started and ended the Civil War, whether implicitly or not. However, Lincoln was not the only reason the war started, he was only the final push the South needed to break away from the Union. More clear, however, is the fact that he did indeed the end the Civil War through his well-founded and composed politics and strategies. There were two major moves made by Lincoln that heavily influenced the outcome of the war, these were the Gettysburg Address and the Emancipation Proclamation (Kelly, 2009). The first was a moving and decided blow against the image of the South. Part of the address is as follows: â€Å"†¦Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth† (as stated in The Gettysburg Address 1863), The people could not ignore the words of President Lincoln, and the South could not refute them with any sort of fact. Truth be told, what Lincoln uttered in his address was the truth itself, and not even Jefferson Davis could argue that. And secondly was the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in states of the Union; although this did not free every slave in the Continental U. S. it was a start and a colossal blow to the morale of the Confederate army as well as its citizens. The Union proved at that time that it was far more organized and unified in its cause because of the great leader it had in Abraham Lincoln (Kelly 2009). The fact that the South lost the Civil War has been a highly debated issue throughout the history of the United States and the reasons for this loss continue to be tossed around and discussed even to this day, however these five pervious factors consistently reemerge as reasons as to the defeat of the Confederate Army and their reentrance into the Union. The words that would best describe this are the words Lincoln used three years prior to the Civil War, â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. † He was correct, it could not and would not stand divided; in the end the United States was one country and always would be.

Comparing responsible leadership with transactional leadership

Comparing responsible leadership with transactional leadership The main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the dimensions of responsible leadership with transactional leadership. Therefore, this paper will start off with giving the definition on both of the leadership styles. Then, it will be followed by analysing the six dimensions of responsible leadership which will be use to compare and contrast with transactional leadership. The dimensions comprise of the roles the leader fulfils, the relationship between the leader and follower, the values that derived from the relationships, the ethical perspective, the responsibilities while making decisions and finally, the sustainability. DEFINITION OF RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP AND TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP Responsible leadership has been defined as the art of building and sustaining morally sound relationship with all relevant stakeholders of an organisation (Maak Pless 2006, p.5). Transactional leadership is described as leaders and followers being in an exchange relationship (Dubrin, Dalglish Miller 2006, p. 105). COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE TWO LEADERSHIP STYLES The first dimension to be compare and contrast is the role of responsible leadership. According to Maak and Pless (2006), the roles of responsible leadership are being a servant, steward, citizen, visionary, story-teller and meaning enabler, coach, architect and change agent. All these eight roles are supposed to act interdependently with each other as a whole. Moreover, according to Dachler (cited in Maak and Pless 2006, p. 107), all these roles are relational, that is, they concern specific responsibilities or activities vis-a-vis relational processes in the construction of organisational realities. A responsible leader fulfils being accountable for everyone within their surroundings to have a positive social interaction between both inside and outside the organisation. On the other hand, a transactional leader role is just to help the subordinates by clarifying them the role and task requirements to attain designated outcome and what they will receive in return. Another dimension is the relationship between a leader and the followers. In the context of responsible leadership, followers mean the stakeholders, whereas transactional leadership means just the subordinates. Responsible leadership is more suited with the twenty first century, this is due to todays ways of business interaction; the networking structures. Leaders and the stakeholders are of equal status where the stakeholders do not need to depend on the leader fully and have ultimate power or authority to achieve stated vision. Maak and Pless (2006, p. 104) wrote that leadership legitimacy does not come with position, status, reward or power. As for transactional leadership, it is more into hierarchical order, where the leader is seen as on the top and in charge of everything. And as for the subordinates, they need to follow what the leader says. Status and power plays its role. As stated in Hood (2003, p. 267) transactional leadership is based on bureaucratic authority and legitim ate power in the organisation. Relationships lead to another dimension for being a responsible leader that is in terms of its values. Some of the values are made up of honesty, empowerment and friendliness. Responsible leaders need to communicate effectively with their stakeholders as to respect and create positive friendly environment with each other. The leader needs to ensure that everyone are treated fairly and equal where their needs and interests are taken into account. Being an honest leader build the culture of trust that proves to motivate and inspire others by Caldwell and Dixon (2009), and as by doing so may create a long lasting intimate relationship (loyalty) which is relatively important for making future deals (ingredients of integrity). Pless (2007, p. 450) state that responsible leadership manifest itself in defining moments, in which leaders have to make fundamental decisions with long-term effect on people, environment and/or the future of the organization. As for delegating responsibilities, it is connected in the form of empowerment as it yields high trust, productive communication between individuals and teams (Remmel 2004). As for the values of transactional leadership, the relationship of friendliness build is only for short-term period as when the goal is achieve successfully then the transaction is complete, which neglects the importance of people in creating long-term wealth. Cameron (2003) and Senge (2006) cited in Caldwell and Dixon (2010, p. 97). Therefore, the trust given by the leader to the subordinates are only in the duration of the task is suppose to be completed, where in term of empowerment, it is lacking but do exist. The leader must make sure the followers are aware and being clarified of their tasks to be carried out efficiently with awards attached to it which can be said as the driven motivator. As proven by Houghton and Yoho (1005, p. 76) theorists have suggested that the directive and transactional styles will result in low levels of empowerment among followers. The fourth dimension of responsible leadership is ethics. Ethics can be defined as code of moral principles and values that governs the behaviours of a person or group with respect to right or wrong (Samson Daft 2009, p. 174). By looking at the definition, it can be said that morality is considered to be a significant quality to have as a leader. Moreover, there are two out of four values based founded by Rokeachs (1973) cited in Hood (2003) that are significantly related to ethical practises, that are social and morality-based values. Social values include such items as freedom and equality, and morality-based values include politeness, helpfulness, affection, and forgiveness. Responsible leaders, their ethics lies on both since as stated before, socially, the stakeholders do not need to depend on the leader, they are free and of equal status as the leader. In term of morality, making an ethical judgement considering the situation and condition of the stakeholders is regarded as a norm for a responsible leader because it is their ethical desires to serve others. As Pless (2007, p. 438) states, responsible leadership research examines the leadership dynamics in the context of stakeholder society and includes the ethical perspective. They are responsible to heed for the stakeholders needs and interest (Pless 2007). As for transactional leaders, their ethics basically just lie on the morality-based values. This is because, the subordinates have no freedom and dedicated to what the leader wishes, and also basically they do their job respectively in order to attain stated goal with the help of the leader. The fifth dimension of responsible leadership is responsibilities. A responsibility here means the ethics of what the leader does (Maak Pless 2006, p. 35). This part relates to the previous dimension where it can be said that ethics played a major part in being a responsible leader; the heart. Leader is responsible for decision-making. The case of making a tough decision is a common thing that a leader would have gone through. The responsibility is related to ones ethics of making the right or wrong decision. One has to take a look at different scopes before deriving a verdict. Hence, the issue of trust should also be bear in mind while making decision. As the relationship of trust is build between leader and followers, then as a leader, one is responsible to behave and make decision ethically. This applies to both types of leadership and they need to act morally and be responsibly. The main difference is only to who does the leader is held responsible while making an ethical decisi on. As a responsible leader, they have a bigger scope whom to deal with that is the stakeholders. As for transactional leaders, the followers only consist of the subordinates in the organisation. The final dimension of responsible leadership is sustainability. The sustainability issue can be in the form of having sustainable relationships and also the future. As stated in Maak (2007, p. 329) it takes responsible leadership and responsible leaders to build and sustain a business that is of benefit to multiple stakeholders. To have sustainable relationships, as a responsible leader, it requires them to include the stakeholders before claiming conclusions to ensure ethically sound decision making. Maak (2007, p. 331) states key to responsible leadership is thus the ability to enable and broker sustainable, mutual beneficial relationships with stakeholders, to create stakeholder goodwill and trust and ultimately a trusted business in society. As to reach sustainable future, responsible leaders should have a shared business vision to be reached together with the stakeholders. Maak (2007, p. 334) writes in a stakeholder society an agreeable vision would need to include the aspirati on to be (come) and inclusive, responsible, and active business in society. In contrast, sustainable relationships cannot be reached in transactional leadership since to reach beneficial relationships it involves number of stakeholders. Furthermore, the vision that is practiced in transactional leadership style is only to reach the stated goal which is clearly not sustainable as it is not forward looking to the future. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the six dimensions of responsible leadership that is being used to compare with transactional leadership are the roles, relationships, values, ethics, responsibilities and sustianability. As for the roles, there are eight interdependent roles of responsible leaders, and for transactional leaders, they only need to clarify the tasks to their subordinates with rewards attached to it. Secondly, relationships between leader and followers are being considered. The followers in responsible leadership are the stakeholders which consist of both inside and outside the organisation. Whereas for the transactional style, the followers are only within the organisation that is the subordinates. Thirdly, the values of honesty, empowerment and friendliness have been touched. Honesty between the leader and the follower build a culture of trust, however the period of trustiness between those two leadership styles differ. That is, responsible leadership will last longer than the transact ional leadership style because responsible leaders are thinking ahead of time for making future deals. And as for empowerment, responsible leadership results higher than transactional leadership style. Fourthly are the ethical perspective in terms of social and morality-values. Responsible leaders ethics is derived from both but transactional only from the morality-values. Fifthly, it is the responsibilities of decision making where the responsible leaders have to take into account of a wider range of people rather than the transactional leaders while making any judgement. And finally, the sustainable issue of having a sustainable relationships and future which turns out only achievable in a responsible leadership style and not transactional leadership.

Cultural Analysis On Death And The Afterlife :: essays research papers

If there is one constant in this world, it would surely be death. Dying is an unavoidable part of life. Indeed, everything that lives will at sometime die. The fear of death is held by everyone. Perhaps it is the correlation of death with pain or the unknown state of the human consciousness after death, maybe a combination of both, that creates this fear. The fear felt is undoubtedly universal, however, the ways in which it is dealt with are varied and diverse. The concept of human mortality and how it is dealt with is dependent upon one’s society or culture. For it is the society that has great impact on the individual’s beliefs. Hence, it is also possible for other cultures to influence the people of a different culture on such comprehensions. The primary and traditional way men and women have made dying a less depressing and disturbing idea is though religion. Various religions offer the comforting conception of death as a begining for another life or perhaps a continuation for the former. Christians, for example, believe that souls that have lived by the words of their God will exist eternally in heaven as divine beings themselves. This conception of an afterlife is generally what we people who are residents of the Unitied States hold to be true. For American culture has its roots in Europe and European culture was and is still influenced by Christian faiths. Similar to Christianity, the Hinduism also eases the fear of death by presenting a life after death. Disimilarities present themselves in the two faiths concerning exactly what kind of afterlife is lived. Believers of the Hindu faith expect to be reincarnated after their demise, either as an animal or human being depending on the manner in which their lives were carried out. These ideals have influenced our culture though our use of language and thought. The implications are apparent in the common references to one’s past lives. For instance, if someone has a natural talent for music one may refer to the person as being once a talented musician in a past life. A religion which describes death as a continuation of existance is held by the Crow tribe of middle America. They viewed death as a journey with the final destination as a place where all their anscestors have gone before them. This notion of an afterlife eased the tribes assimilation into Christian culture when colonists came in contact with the Native Americans during the colonial expansion period.

Comparing Vinegar Tom C. Churchill and The Crucible A. Miller Essay

The Crucible is a naturalistic play by Arthur Miller set in a town called Salem and based on true events. The play inspired by the Salem witch trials shows Miller’s personal views and many popular views on McCarthyism. The naturalistic style of the play evokes the audiences emotions and allows the audience to sympathise with the characters. The play also has a sense of realism, illustrating the social and domestic problems of everyday life. The main character John Proctor was said to be a reflection on the situation Arthur Miller saw himself in and portrays many of the emotions he had the time from the McCarthy trials. The crucible focuses on the problems caused by mass hysteria. Similarly, Vinegar Tom a feminist play written by Caryl Churchill written in 1976, also focuses on witchcraft. The play is a non-naturalistic style and is shown using features of Bertolt Brecht’s epic theatre, for example the use of song and choral movement. The play was inspired by the womenâ €™s rights acts of the 1970’s. There are many similarities between the two plays, the first being the plot of the two plays both being about witchcraft and although different styles of theatre are used the same views are shown. There are many evident differences between the two plays. Firstly, the time period and location in which they are set. The Crucible set in the 17th century town called Salem in America, however Vinegar Tom was set in London, England. The set of the play is important as Salem was a puritan town meaning religion was strict and disciplined. The word of God â€Å"the bible† is your authority. There would be no dancing, theatre or entertainment. Sin is a crime and crime is a sin. And most importantly to the play you would believe in witchcraft and the... ... are carrying a child suggests that the character of Daforth and Packer may be sympathetic towards the women. In The Crucible Danforth is sympathetic and believes the likeable character of Elizabeth Proctor, however Packer in Vinegar Tom does not bleive Joan and therefore showing how the character has no emotional impact. To conclude there are many differences yet also similarities between the two plays. The similarities being the plot, and the situations the characters are in. However, the differences being the culture the playwrite lived in and the effects these cultures had on the plays. Each play was written for a different purpose, to impact a different audience and create different emotions. I preffered the play The Crucible because the journey the characters went on was more interesting and as an audience I prefer to be able to relate to the cha racter.

Galileo Galilei :: essays research papers

Galileo Galilei Galileo was probably the greatest astronomer, mathematician and scientist of his time. In fact his work has been very important in many scientific advances even to this day. Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15th, 1564. His father, Vincenzo was a music teacher and musician. After his family moved to Florence, Galilei was sent to a monastery to be educated. He was so happy there that he decided to become a monk, but his father wanted him to be a medical doctor and brought him home to Florence. He was never really interested in medicine and studied mathematics at the University of Pisa. He was especially interested in famous mathematicians like Euclid (geometry) and Archimedes. In fact in 1586 he wrote his first book about one of Archimedes theories. He eventually became head of mathematics at the University of Pisa where he first wrote about a very important idea that he developed. It was about using experiments to test theories. He wrote about falling bodies in motion using inclined planes to test his theories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bader 2. When his father died in 1591 Galileo had to support his family. He looked for a job that paid more, and became professor of mathematics at the University of Padua where he stayed for eighteen years. He became very interested in astronomy at that time partly because of the discovery of a new star in 1604. (This turned out to be an exploding sun called a supernova). During these years he did more work on his theories of falling bodies, inclined planes and how projectiles travel. This work is still used today, for example in ballistics where computers can predict the path of a shell based on Galileo’s work. In 1609 the telescope was invented and Galileo began making his own lenses for better telescopes and then started looking at the sky. In December and January (1609-1610) it is said that he made more discoveries that changed the world that anyone has made before or since. He wrote a book called the â€Å"Starry Messenger†, and said that there were mountains on the moon, the Milky Way was made up of many stars, and there were small bodies in orbit around Jupiter. He used his mathematical skills to calculate the motions of these bodies around Jupiter. In 1610 he started looking at Saturn and discovered the rings, and the phases of Saturn (just like our moon’s phases).

Advantage of Mobile Phone Essay

For many people, it’s ? convenient way to communicate. Many parents provide their children with ll-?h?nes for safety reasons. ll-?h?nes have some disadvantages as well. Cellular phones have impacted society. They have left an ever-lasting impression on our culture. In this paper the Advantage and Disadvantage of ll-?h?nes have been discussed. Advantages ll-?h?nes have three principal advantages. ll-?h?nes have made communication easier. In addition, ll-?h?nes provide their users with extra devices in addition to telephone. At last, ll-?h?nes can provide safety for their users. ll-?h?nes have become accepted in the last fifteen years because they have made communication easier. People can call each other no matter where they are. Fifteen years ago, there was no way to call someone who had no access to ? conventional telephone. Additionally, the technology which is provided with ll-?h?nes has made life easier. ll-?h?nes are not only telephones; they can also include calendars, cameras, alarm clocks, and other devices to make life easier. The latest ll- ?h?nes can even be used as ? pocket computer. Last but not least, many parents provide their children with ll-?h?nes for safety reasons. The speed dial up option in ll-?h?nes lets people make contact with emergency numbers by pressing one button. For many parents, ? ll-?h?ne is ? convenient way to get in touch with their children. Disadvantages The use of ll-?h?nes has been proven to be ? big distraction. There are car accidents occurring everywhere due to the lack of attentiveness of drivers. Parents now think that it’s better to buy ll-?h?nes for their new teen drivers for emergencies, but do you really think that they are used for those only? And since ll-?h?nes are so fabulous, then why do you always get ? busy, roaming signal and cause you to keep redialing ? number till you finally get through to that person? After all that trouble you are normally bothered and frustrated. Things like these can created accidents and even death. The possibility of brain tumors is also increasing with the use of cellular phones. Radiation is enormously hazardous to ll-?h?ne users. The more cell phone uses, the greater chances become for brain cancer. When ll-?h?nes first came out, people purchased them in case of emergencies. Now, people bring their ll-?h?nes everyplace they go and use them for pleasure, not essentially for purpose. As convenient as ll-?h?nes may seem, there is more to it. Conscientiousness must be taken more sincerely and people need to be more aware of the risks that are involved in purchasing and using ? cellular phone. FREE ESSAY It is for a fact that having a mobile phone now a days is a sort of a necessity and it is an inevitable truth that mobile industry is taking everyone by a storm. From the very basic thing of making a call to texting, and now internet access for just a touch of your finger tips. Do you have one of these? or do you know somebody who enjoys having such stuff? I do have one of those too and I wont deny the fact that I enjoys using them. So as one of the million subscriber of this technology I will share you some of the advantages and disadvantages I found, out of having a mobile phone. First here are some advantages of having it: It keeps you in constant contact with people you consider important It can help you seek help immediately during emergency cases Its a sense of being financially uplifted. Through mobile phones you can lessen your boredom,example listen to your favorite music and as well as watching movies through downloading. It can take photos Mobile phones also gives us easier access on the internet You can carry it anywhere It has a lot of useful function like calendar, making notes, alarm clock, timer and calculator. No doubt, our mobile phones makes our life more convenient, but as the saying goes every technology has it’s equal negative side and mobile phones are not so especial to be exempted. Here are some disadvantages of having it: Expensive People spend less time bonding with there family and friends People just contact through phone and became too lazy meeting outside Disturb us on our works and studies People spend lots and lots of money buying the latest model Affects our body because of radiation it produces Easily broken mobile phone makes it easier to invade privacy In the end, I hope you can weigh the advantages and the disadvantages I have mentioned to help you use your mobile phone in a responsible manner. We humans created mobile phones and it is all up to our control†¦

Islamic Architecture

Structuralisms Architecture Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture. What is Islam? * The name of the religion is Islam, which comes from an Arabic root word meaning â€Å"peace† and â€Å"submission. † * Islam teaches that one can only find peace in one's life by submitting to Almighty God (Allah) in heart, soul and deed. * The same Arabic root word gives us â€Å"Salaam Alaskan,† (â€Å"Peace be with you†), the universal Muslim reediting.Geographical * The Moslem faith flourished in the countries of Southern Asia and North Africa. * Other important communities include Zanzibar, Madagascar and China. * In the 20th century mobility, Islam was brought throughout the world as far as Sydney and South shields. * The spread of Islam has been frequently associated with military conquest , racial movements and in some cases with the consequent displacement of established populations. * The most important were the Arab expansion northwards and westwards out of the Arabian peninsula, and the drive of the Turkish ND Mongol groups South, Southeast and Southwest of Central Asia.The Islamic world Geological * The countries into which Islam first expanded were already rich in building tradition and the important techniques of exploitation of natural resources for building work and trade in building materials had long been established. * Brick making and pipes' walling was almost universal in the alluvial plains * Cooling effect of structures with very heavy walls and high rooms has been widely exploited. * Unprotected circulation are common. History * A. D. 622 – the year of the Hegira, when Mohammed moved from Mecca to Medina.Immediately after his death in 632 – the concerted efforts of the Arabian Tibet carried death as conquerors into Central Asia and west ward towards the Atlantic. Social * The Arab group which were the spearhead of advanced Islam ,were essentially tribal, and in consequence the behavior patterns and attributes of emergent Islamic societies were based on traditions of the desert. * Public life was reserved for men. * Women play a secondary role, to be part of the household – the harem. In public, she is protected by the anonymity of the veil. * Equality was only granted to theAromatic groups. * â€Å"peoples of the book† -Jews and Christians * Freedom of worship and interval government. Religious * Islam is the last of the three great religions of the middle east. * Its essence is contained in a simple sentence, which is both the profession of faith and the credo of its adherents * There is only one God and his prophet Mohammed. * Philosophy of life and government. * The Koran – is regarded as the revelation through the medium of the prophet Mohammed. * The Width – is the collection of his sayings or injunctions and is of lesser weight.The law – is extracted from the prophet's instructions, from tradition and sample. * An acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life; personal humility; an abhorrence of images worship. * The important architectural endeavor is normally expended on buildings having a direct social or community purpose, including worships; that decorations tends toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs , with a preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element; and that a basic conservatism discouraged innovations and favored established formsTerminologies * Massed (Persia, India) – mosque or a place of worship. * Jam – mosque, principal place of worship, or use of the building for Friday prayers * Messed (Turkey) – small * Salami – men's or prayer house * Madras (Egypt) * Menders (Turkey) – religious college and mosque. * Sara; Sera – palace Buildi ng Components * Miramar – niche oriented towards Mecca * Member – raised platform for ceremonial announcements open-fronted vault facing on to a court * ABA – gateway * Sans – courtyard of a mosque * Minaret – tower from which call to prayer was made.Harem – women's or private quarter's of a house or palace quest's quarters * Kibble; Kibble – axis oriented towards Mecca * Chatter (India) – kiosk Personnel * Muezzin – caller who summons the faithful to prayer * Imam – man who leads the congregation at prayer * ‘wan; Ivan (Persia) – * Caliph – successor to the prophet as military, Judicial and spiritual leader of Islam Architectural Character * Majority of Islamic buildings are fundamentally related to a principal axis. This axis is frequently extended into a formal landscape which is integral part of the sign. The prime axis was the kibble, the general concept was derived from the line of balanc e and symmetry implicit in the concept of perfect creation, as seen in gardens and buildings. * Islamic architecture is centered upon God. At its heart is the Mosque and inward – looking building whose prime purpose is contemplation and prayer. * Mosque may serve as a school, transactions may be made there and storage for treasures. * Minaret – a tower from whose top the Muezzin gave the call to prayer. * Miramar – a niche where the leader of the congregation (the Imam) sakes his prayers. Menders/Madras – college * Han/Caravanserai's – the hostel * The courtyard – the sides were punctuated with gateways, prayer chambers, or arched porches ‘wants. Architecture Forms and Styles of Mosques and buildings in Muslim countries Forms – Many forms of Islamic architecture have evolved in different regions of the Islamic world. These mosques are square or rectangular in plan with an enclosed courtyard and a covered prayer hall. Sheehan â⠂¬â€œ The traditional Islamic courtyard, a Sheehan in Arabic, is found in secular and religious structures.When within a accidence or other secular building is a private courtyard and walled garden. A Sheehan – courtyard is in within almost every mosque in Islamic architecture. The courtyards are open to the sky and surrounded on all sides by structures with halls and rooms, and often a shaded semi-open arcade. Arabesque – An element of Islamic art usually found decorating the walls and window screens of mosques and Muslim homes and buildings, the arabesque is an elaborate application of repeating geometric forms that often echo the forms of plants, shapes and sometimes animals (specifically birds).Calligraphy – is associated with geometric Islamic art (the Arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions in their work. Examples Mosque à ¢â‚¬â€œ A Muslim house of worship Minaret – A tall tower in, or continuous to a mosque arch stairs leading up to one or more balconies from which the faithful are called to prayer. Kiosk – a small pavilion, usually open, built in gardens and parks Pointed arch – a two- and four- centered and generally constructed a true arch, Hough corbelled examples were common in India.

English Is Important for Our Daily Life Essay

As we all know, English is the one of important language in this world. If we cannot speak English even a little bit, we are called as a very poor in this community. We also cannot improve our life if we worst in English. We will feel loser if we in the group that use English as a medium to speak. According to the research that have been made by the group of University Malay, 70% of undergraduate student especially Malay student are not use English as a medium to speak. It’s show that most of the student do not want to use English as a main language in their life. People always said that we must use our country language so that it indicate we love our country. The statement is not fault but we also must learn English for our future life such as to find a job, to communicate with foreigner, easy to understand if we find information through online and easy for student to survive in university life because most of the university in Malaysia use English as a medium to speak. One of the reason why we must learn English in our daily life is English is important to get a job. In this era, many people are jobless even though they have a degree. It is because they do not have a soft skill. Even though we got the best result in examination but we cannot speak in English, it is hard for us to find a job. Example is, if we want to work with a giant company such as Petronas, Sime Darby, Schlumberger and etc we need to face many process. One of the process is interview. Interview is one of the important process for us to face if we want to work with a giant company. Many giant company have a francais at the other country. So, they use international language that is English as a medium to communicate among the others. Therefore, they must do an interview in English to find an employee. If we have a soft skill like can speak fluently in English, the company will not hesitate to take us as one of their employee.

The Future of the Iraqi government

The Future of the Iraqi government The future of Iraq is in the hands of the U.S. and with that the U.S. has promised to assemble a democracy for the Iraqi people. But this will be a difficult task, it will not come as easily as it may seem. The U.S. cannot just democratize Iraq at gun point because a democracy cannot be forced on unwilling people. There is a huge mistrust of the U.S. and what they plan to do in the Middle East. Many polls from Western Europe indicate that even the U.S.'s traditional allies think that this war in Iraq is about the access of oil. The Arab people think even less of the Bush Administration and the war is not helping his popularity at all. In fact from the few polls available, the Arabs think that the U.S. dissevered the attacks of 9/11.Before going to war the Bush Administration should have had a clear plan on the way they were going to democratize Iraq, but they didn't.Collage of images taken by U.S. military in Iraq. ...Instead they had many different proposals that were cut down to th ree. The short term option, this is where the U.S makes a true effort to get a full functioning democracy in Iraq and just leaves everything into the hands of the newly elected Iraqi government. The long term option, which will take about ten years or more in were the U.S. starts from scratch to establish democratic roots in Iraq. Another short term option around two years, were the U.S. installs a puppet regime in Iraq and move the U.S. troops out.Option one is called Democracy Lite it is where the U.S. spends a considerable amount of time making an up and running democracy and when this is all set up the U.S. troops go home and leave everything to Iraq's...

You Need an Audience

You Need an Audience Some of you will frown reading that headline, because in every aspect of your writing life, to be considered successful, you need an audience. And we hate that part of our profession: Platform. That doesnt mean you need 10,000 Twitter fans, 15,000 Facebook followers, 40,000 newsletter readers or 50,000 unique visitors to your blog, so dont get all bothered If you think a hundred or a thousand is out of your reach, then ponder what and who youre writing for. If its friends and family, then dont bother with all the hoopla of a publisher, Amazon, ISBNs or any professional needs of a book. Write your blog for loved ones only and quit looking at the statistics. Write for free in magazines that pay in copies. Otherwise, you need a fan base. One thousand people who would walk through hell for you and drag others along with them. How do you do that? 1) Show up to work each and every day. Fans dont want helter-skelter idols. They want the person to be there when THEY show up. If you skip days, you lose ground, and your fans will find someone more reliable. Post somewhere. Write something. Dont let the gears get rusty. 2) Produce each and every day. Whatever you write, tap into it daily. If you are writing a long project, then work at social media, write short pieces, or freelance in periodicals. But write like you eat, brush your teeth, and change your underwear. Make it that ingrained in your mental and physical existence. 3) Respond without exception. When a reader messages you on Facebook, sends a Tweet, emails or comments on your blog, respond. Put effort into the reply. Respect that person for taking the time. A well-worded reply can buy a fan for years, and if youre attentive enough, that fan will tell the story to dozens. 4) Avoid confrontation. You are writing for these people. You have messages to deliver and stories to tell. Dont pick a fight. Let others have their opinions. Be attentive to their needs, and theyll be attentive to yours.

Free Essays on THe Story Of Justine

The story of Justine William, Victor’s brother, is found murdered one day after playing in the forest with his brother Ernest. The real murderer is the creature, who had found a way to indirectly torture Victor. Justine is found to have the picture out of the locket that Elizabeth gave to William the morning of the day he was murdered. This circumstantial evidence is enough for the courts of Geneva to convict her of William’s murder. Justine confesses to the murder because, as she says when Victor and Elizabeth go to visit her in prison, her confessor threatened and menaced her into believing that she would be excommunicated if she didn’t confess. In Justine’s eyes, wrongful death would be better than being shut out of her religion. I believe that this is PB Shelley’s atheist influence over his wife as it is showing how religion can distort your perception of what is (and isn’t) good for your own wellbeing. Justine and Elizabeth play very similar roles in the no vel. They both play the more innocent and helpless roles that Shelley indented for women to play in her novel. It shows the more passive role that women played in society and the more romanticism ideals that women should hold. Although Elizabeth stands up for Justine's innocence, she, like Justine, is completely helpless to stop the execution. Justine is also like the creature in her innocence as the creature doesn’t know any better as he has not been taught, so he doesn’t turn himself in. Justine doesn’t know any better than to believe everything her confessor tells her, and so turns herself in to avoid being abandoned by her religion. Innocence becomes a very important theme in the novel, and more importantly innocence lost. Elizabeth also talks about justice and law when they go to visit Justine in prison after Justine has explained her false confession. Basically, Elizabeth is against the ‘shot for shot’ attitude that the justice system has take n as ... Free Essays on THe Story Of Justine Free Essays on THe Story Of Justine The story of Justine William, Victor’s brother, is found murdered one day after playing in the forest with his brother Ernest. The real murderer is the creature, who had found a way to indirectly torture Victor. Justine is found to have the picture out of the locket that Elizabeth gave to William the morning of the day he was murdered. This circumstantial evidence is enough for the courts of Geneva to convict her of William’s murder. Justine confesses to the murder because, as she says when Victor and Elizabeth go to visit her in prison, her confessor threatened and menaced her into believing that she would be excommunicated if she didn’t confess. In Justine’s eyes, wrongful death would be better than being shut out of her religion. I believe that this is PB Shelley’s atheist influence over his wife as it is showing how religion can distort your perception of what is (and isn’t) good for your own wellbeing. Justine and Elizabeth play very similar roles in the no vel. They both play the more innocent and helpless roles that Shelley indented for women to play in her novel. It shows the more passive role that women played in society and the more romanticism ideals that women should hold. Although Elizabeth stands up for Justine's innocence, she, like Justine, is completely helpless to stop the execution. Justine is also like the creature in her innocence as the creature doesn’t know any better as he has not been taught, so he doesn’t turn himself in. Justine doesn’t know any better than to believe everything her confessor tells her, and so turns herself in to avoid being abandoned by her religion. Innocence becomes a very important theme in the novel, and more importantly innocence lost. Elizabeth also talks about justice and law when they go to visit Justine in prison after Justine has explained her false confession. Basically, Elizabeth is against the ‘shot for shot’ attitude that the justice system has take n as ...

There, Their, Theyre

There, Their, Theyre There, Their, Theyre There, Their, Theyre By Sharon When two words sound alike (known as homonyms), it s easy to think they mean the same thing. English being what it is, they usually dont and its important to get them right so you say exactly what you mean. For example, whats the difference between their, there and theyre? The three are often mixed up when writing, because they sound exactly the same. However, the meanings of these three words couldnt be more different. Their Lets start with their. Its the possessive form of they, which means it is used to show ownership or belonging. If something belongs to them, it is their item. Example: Michael and Lola left their car at home as it was a fine night. There If you are talking about a place or location, then you need the word there. This word indicates where something goes or where something is. Example: Michael dropped his coat on the floor. Lola said: Dont put it there, Michael. Hang it on a hook. Theyre Finally, theyre is a contraction of they are, with the apostrophe showing where the letter a has been left out. If you sound it out in full in the sentence and it sounds right, then youve got the right one. Otherwise, it must be one of the other two. Example: Where are my parents meeting us? asked Lola. Theyre meeting us at the restaurant, said Michael. Putting It All Together Once you have these three straight, then you can easily make sense of a sentence like this: Their car is being repaired, so theyre taking a cab to get there, said Michael. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesSocial vs. SocietalEducational vs. Educative

The Hamlet Soliloquies

The Hamlet Soliloquies Free Online Research Papers In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet†, we hear from the tragic hero expose his inner conflicts and reveal his intellectual thought process involving death, hate, suffering, fear and honor. Each soliloquy divulges his motivations, or lack thereof, as well as his mental state at the time of each one. His first soliloquy sets the stage and reveals Hamlet’s contempt and anger at the world and those around him. He starts out in this soliloquy contemplating suicide: â€Å"O that this too sullied flesh would melt, †¦Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, seem to me all the uses of this world† (i.ii.129-134). He begins grieving over the untimely death of his father, whom he idolized as a king and a father. Then Gertrude, his mother, marries his uncle, Claudius, only months after his father’s sudden death, which compounds Hamlet’s pain. He loathes her and laments: â€Å"Let me not think on’t! Frailty, Thy name is woman† (i.ii.146). He retreats into a spiral of misery and suicidal thoughts and is unable to separate his emotions from any semblance of rational thought. He does not reveal his feelings to anyone, which again, sets the stage for what is to come. In Hamlet’s second soliloquy, he becomes disillusioned after his encounter with a ghost haunting the castle: â€Å"My father’s spirit in arms. All is not well; I doubt some foul play† (i.ii.260-261). He feels there is good reason why his father’s ghost is still walking around and begins to become increasingly suspicious of Claudius. He suspects his father was murdered. After seeing and talking with his father’s ghost, we hear Hamlet’s third soliloquy and we start to see his fury increase over the revelation that it was Claudius who murdered his father. This discovery causes Hamlet to vow revenge upon Claudius. During his fourth soliloquy, we start to see more of Hamlet’s mental decline. He realizes he has procrastinated in the murder plot on Claudius and feels ashamed. He begins to wonder if the ghost was really his father or the devil reincarnate. He admonishes his cowardly inaction to retaliate for his father’s death. He believes he has reason to kill Claudius but knows he does not have the fortitude to follow through with it: â€Å"Why, what an ass I am! This is most brave, that I, the son of a dear father murdered, Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words† (ii.ii.515-518). Hamlet is furious with himself that he has acted so cowardly but believes if he undoubtedly proves Claudius murdered his father, he will be justified in taking revenge upon his uncle. He makes a plan to expose Claudius’ guilt by having the actors in his play reenact his father’s murder. Then, he will observe Claudiusâ€℠¢ reaction to confirm his guilt once and for all. During the fifth soliloquy, we see Hamlet evaluate the choice of man to accept society at face value or to wage war against it. Again, he contemplates suicide as a means to escape his misery: â€Å"To die, to sleep; to sleep, perchance to dream-ay, there’s the rub! For in that sleep what dreams may come†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (iii.i.65-67). If Hamlet could just sleep without dreaming, he would like to take his own life but the mystery of what comes next keeps him from acting on it. He also questions his own honor in living with the hardships of life opposed to dying young and eluding life’s ill -fated events. He speculates that perhaps we all choose life because of the uncertainty and mystery of death. In the final soliloquy, Hamlet ponders his purpose in life which he now believes is to avenge his father’s murder. â€Å"How all occasions do inform against me, and spur my dull revenge† (iv.iv.34-35). Now he is self-loathing for his procrastination and questions his manhood for letting his opportunity to kill Claudius slip away. He is consumed with getting his revenge. He promises himself to only have â€Å"bloody† thoughts but he comes full circle once more to his thinking ways. He decides that his conscience will not allow him the vengeance he secretly wishes he could muster. In each soliloquy, Hamlet laments his failure to take action against his father’s murderer. Each one gives us insight into his ability to think and his failure to act on it. His psychological struggles with death and honor and self-loathing evoke sympathy for his inherent goodness. And although each soliloquy takes us on a different journey into Hamlet’s psyche, his fundamental nature and character remain intact. The soliloquy is an essential means in the story of Hamlet. It brings the audience into the character’s consciousness and gives us reflection into the most profound thoughts and emotions of the characters. I think without the soliloquy, Hamlet would lose vital meaning. Research Papers on The Hamlet SoliloquiesCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelThe Fifth HorsemanHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is Art

Locating German Vital Records

Locating German Vital Records Civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths in Germany began following the French Revolution in 1792. Beginning with regions of Germany under French control, most German states eventually developed their own individual systems of civil registration between 1792 and 1876. In general, German civil records begin in 1792 in Rheinland, 1803 in Hessen-Nassau, 1808 in Westfalen, 1809 in Hannover, Oct 1874 in Prussia, and Jan 1876 for all other parts of Germany. Since Germany has no central repository for civil records of births, marriages, and deaths, the records may be found in several different locations. Local Civil Registrars Office Most civil birth, marriage, and death records in Germany are maintained by the civil registration office (Standesamt) in the local towns. You can usually obtain civil registration records by writing (in German) to the town with the appropriate names and dates, the reason for your request, and proof of your relationship to the individual(s). Most cities have websites at www.[city name].de where you can find the contact information for the appropriate Standesamt. Government Archives In some areas of Germany, duplicate civil records of births, marriages and deaths have been sent to the state archives (Staatsarchiv), district archives (Kreisarchive), or another central repository. Many of these records have been microfilmed and are available at the Family History Library or through local Family History Centers. The Family History Library The Family History Library has microfilmed the civil registration records of many towns throughout Germany up to about 1876, as well as copies of records sent to many of the various state archives. Do a Place Name search in the online Family History Library Catalog for the name of the town to learn what records and time periods are available. Parish Records Often called parish registers or church books, these include records of births, baptism, marriages, deaths, and burials recorded by German churches. The first surviving Protestant records date back to 1524, but Lutheran churches, in general, began requiring baptism, marriage, and burial records in 1540; Catholics began doing so in 1563, and by 1650 most Reformed parishes began keeping these records. Many of these records are available on microfilm through Family History Centers. Otherwise, youll need to write (in German) to the specific parish which served the town in which your ancestors lived.

Forces That Drives Growth in International Trade Research Paper

Forces That Drives Growth in International Trade - Research Paper Example Additionally, improvement of upcoming democracies in the realms of politics in most countries is a strong force for the growth of international trade. Primarily, according to Diaw & Lessoua (2013), the increased utilization of the internet has stirred international trade forward. More people can now access the internet today than any other time in the history of internet invention. The internet has comes with many prospect that has been of advantage to the connectivity and increased transaction of business. With internet, most of the products in overseas can be ordered online and paid online with services such as PayPal and other services hence giving international trade a force that takes into new levels. More so, internet has come up with websites that display products that oversees and in demand by a particular individual or company on other corners of the world. Websites such as Alibaba.com provide a good platform of increasing the international trade. Internet has also made communication between international traders cheaper and cheaper hence easier for them to be in commerce with each other. In overall, Internet has made thi s world smaller and smaller hence hyper-connectivity consequently increasing the international trade (Diaw & Lessoua 2013). The upcoming democracies according to Van & Lewer (2007) have also played a role in the surge in the international trade growth in the world at present. With democracy, most of these countries have had peace of late, which is an imperative component in having international trade growing and getting forward. Most important to note is that most of this countries that have come to embrace democracy are the hub of minerals and other products that are in demand internationally. Africa has been for long been torn by war and made it difficult to trade with other countries internationally hence becoming hurdle in stirring the international commerce forward. With the latest development and having peace in these countries,

British Telecommunications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

British Telecommunications - Assignment Example 2) BT's current focus on cost savings and retained earnings to fund operations has created heightened investor confidence and has made the company leaner, which will help it compete effectively in markets facing price pressures (Engebretson 2003). 3) As BT makes capital structure decisions going forward, it should adhere to the 'pecking order' philosophy of capital structure, which states that a firm's first choice for financing should be internal funding, followed by debt and then the issuance of equity (Liesz 2001). Like many firms throughout the world, BT became caught up in an acquisition frenzy during the late 1990s and at the turn of the century. In the process, BT relied on a capital structure that was very dependent on bank debt to finance its activities. Richard Fairchild points out that BT management consistently increased the company's level of debt from 1998-2001 and, in the process, investor confidence eroded (Fairchild 2003). Perhaps BT, as a former government monopoly, does not attract investors looking to assume a high level of risk. At any rate, investors took notice of BT's mounting debt and BT's stock price suffered. From 1998-2001, BT's debt increased from 4.8bn to 31bn, mostly from acquisition activities, particularly the licensing rights for 3G (third generation) in the United Kingdom and Germany (Fairchild 2003). Fairchild points out that, during this period, BT's stock price decreased by approximately 65%, eventually leading the company to use a rights issue in 2002, to decrease its debt to 18.4bn (Fairchild 2003). It is hard to blame BT management for increasing the company's bank debt during this period, as this path was followed by several other European telecommunications companies. BT competitors France Telecom, Deutsche Telekom and KPN all have sold or spun-off divisions in the past five years to protect their credit ratings after acquiring high levels of debt (Asset sales to provide new challenge for telco 2006). Analysts described the problem faced by telecommunications providers as a "damned if they do, and damned if they don't" scenario (Asset sales to provide new challenge for telco 2006). In BT's situation, the market clearly was nervous about management's decision to base its capital structure around bank debt. Fairchild points out that when BT increased its level of debt to 31bn, Standard and Poors downgraded BT's credit rating from AA+ to A, which is a reduction of four levels (Fairchild 2003). One could argue that the market was ignoring the various positive aspects of debt in a company's capital structure. As Fairchild indicates, capital

Socrates View on Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents Term Paper

Socrates View on Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents - Term Paper Example In dealing with the reality, it may have become typical for the ego of a man to necessitate separating itself from the harsh truth of real inevitable circumstances, yet Freud must add that it is also through having a sense of genuine community, or of acknowledging the value of socialization and the distinct characteristic of companionship that would help resolve the alienating trait of the ego. To some extent, Freud may be met more than halfway in his claim that ego bears the counter potential of developing for itself an attribute which would make it become capable of securing happiness and fulfillment later on. This is the point where he provides adequate discourse of civilization and the tensions associated with the inner struggle of each individual to cope with its influence. However, Freud appears to draw inference at reducing this effort on arguing that the purpose of life executes fundamentally around the pleasure principle, designating projected human ends to a rather limited cause of shifting out of the cycle of consuming displeasure. It would have been better if, in the process of finding settlement with happiness and trying to rid oneself of suffering, highest human goal attainable which transcends discontents in the material world emerges in realization. He could have accounted for the possibility of going beyond the perception of pleasure as deeply embedded in every conscious faculty having the concern of gratifying the need to drive away incompetence. To Freud, it occurs that the ego assumes the chief role or is central in directing response as a human being attempts to explore various strategies by which to adapt to the environment in possession of elements of discontent to which an individual reacts to ascertain how particular circumstances can be worked to acquire the favor of securing contentment. In fairness though, ‘Civilization and Its Discontents’ signifies what Freud considers as a religious sentiment, brought about by an â₠¬Ëœoceanic feeling’ of wholeness, eternity, and limitlessness as if in a pure state of bliss. He elaborates nevertheless that such is of pathological origins which dissolve the boundary between ego and object of pleasure so that once this is achieved, one is led to a religious degree of relief with cares thrown away due to detachment of inclination to materialism which creates suffering from human weakness often predisposed to sexual desires and violent mode of aggression conventionally against figures of prominence. Freudian concept of ‘civilization’ refers to a man-made entity embodying materialization of human ideals that may eventually address proper gratification of instincts as well as serve to stimulate intellectual functions in order for the ego to manage its own foundation of placing balance between the ‘Id’ and the ‘Superego’. This is not significantly different from establishing a form of democracy which initially sustains mea sure of freedom and revolution desired by people yet this same democracy spontaneously guides the behavior of the latter to threats of evolving tyranny and disorder which are altogether unfavorable to the nation.

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase - Essay Example Others require an additional chemical component called a cofactor such as an inorganic ion Fe2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ or a metalloorganic molecule called a coenzyme. (Lehninger 4th Edition) Enzymes are classified into six classes each with sub classes based on the type of reaction catalyzed. Thus our enzyme of interest Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) Synthetase (Prs) belongs to the class Transferases catalyzing group transfer reactions with its Enzyme Commission Number as 2.7.6.1. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 2010) Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (Prs) (or Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase) catalyses the synthesis of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), an intermediate in nucleotide metabolism for the de novo and salvage pathways of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and the biosynthesis of the amino acids histidine and tryptophan. One of the important specialized pathways of a number of amino acids is the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. The two ringed purine members Adenine, Guanine, Hypoxanthine and Xanthine and the single ringed pyrimidines namely Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil are important for a number of reasons. Most of them, not just ATP, are the sources of energy that drive most of our reactions. ATP is the most commonly used source but GTP is used in protein synthesis as well as a few other reactions. UTP is the source of energy for activating glucose and galactose. CTP is an energy source in lipid metabolism. AMP is part of the structure of some of the coenzymes like NAD and Coenzyme A. We can both synthesize them de novo and salvage and reuse those we already have.(Angstadt 1997) Metabolic contribution of PRPP to the purine biosynthesis and other anabolic pathways Source: Taken and Adapted from BMC Biotechnology (Jimenez 2008) PRPP, synthesized from ribose-5-phosphate and ATP, is therefore a key compound for purine biosynthesis, and it is also an important cellular metabolite because it represents a link between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. PRPP is a biosynthetic precursor of histidine and tryptophan, and it is also required for the de novo and salvage pathways of purine, pyrimidine and pyridine (NAD+, NADP+) nucleotides. It has been calculated that approximately 80% of the metabolic flux through PRPP is directed to purine and pyrimidine synthesis The formation of PRPP is catalyzed by the enzyme PRPP synthetase which is encoded by PRS genes Pathway of Purine nucleotide synthesis and its regulation by PRPP. Taken and adapted from (Becker, Kim et al. 1992) The PRPP is further committed to de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in a 10 step enzymatic reaction as follows: Taken From Rolfes 2006 This essay will examine the reactions that take place during the PRPP pathways and the synthesis of purine nucleotide. In microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the inability to biosynthesize purine nucleotides leads to auxotrophy. In Drosophila, purine nucleotide synthesis is required for development and metamorphosis. In plants such as Arabidopsis and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), synthesis of nucleotides is developmentally regulated, whereas in the tropical legumes it plays an additional important role in nitrogen storag. In humans, disorders in the purine nucleotide biosynthetic and salvage pathways have devastating consequences, leading to disorders such as SCIDS (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome),

The challenger space shuttle 1986 Research Paper

The challenger space shuttle 1986 - Research Paper Example ing a joint on the right firm rocket booster, which permitted pressurized hot gases plus finally blaze to â€Å"blow by† the O-ring making contact with the neighboring tank, and eventually leading to structural failure. Thus the failure of the 2 rubber O-rings was found to be from a faulty design, whose functioning could be very easily have been compromised by factors comprising of the very low temperatures on the sunrise of the fateful day of the launch. There were specific individuals at NASA as well as amongst contractors who were worried about the reliability of the fasteners on the firm rocket boosters in such cold weather (Henry, 2004). The report broadly pointed out the contributing causes such as the failure of both Morton Thiokol as well as NASA to adequately respond to the risk posed by the poor joint design. Instead of redesigning the joint, both parties defined the issue as a tolerable flight

Voluntary Disclosures and Accounting Theories Essay

Voluntary Disclosures and Accounting Theories - Essay Example Accounting principles are based upon some principles and one of the important principles of accounting is full disclosure principle. As per the full disclosure principles the companies must disclose all the relevant information about the company like the financial statements, accounting policies followed, additional information etc. Apart from the various mandatory disclosures many companies discloses many voluntary information like sustainability report, cost of training employees etc. All these activities add value to the organisation and thus are important for the stakeholders to take an informed investment decision. Voluntary disclosures and accounting theories The concept of voluntary disclosers originates from a variety of accounting theories. Therefore the relevant accounting theories have been studied in order to understand the need of voluntary disclosure of information. The need of voluntary disclosure originated from the two basic theories namely normative theory and posit ive theory. Normative theories: The basic premise behind the normative accounting theories is the subjective opinion which tells one what is good and what should be done. This is an opinion based theory which is based on the standards. This theory is aimed at helping the accountants to decide on the things which should be done and the making them aware on the various aspects which can be used to compensating and rectifying any error which is not suitable as per their judgement (Banerjee, 2010, p.1223). The two disclosures which are normally done as per this theory are the disclosure of the intangibles and the disclosers regarding the corporate social responsibilities. As it has been discussed that the normative theory states that accountants should judge between the acts which should be done therefore the disclosers regarding the corporate social responsibilities is a way of informing the stakeholders that the matters which are opinion based have been taken care off. The normative t heories are based on certain assumptions which set up standard for doing an activity and it is assumed that the organisation will perform that activity is that way only. As per the concept of normative theory the organisation should have some unique way of recording and treating a transaction or performing any activity and that activity should be done as per the laid down standard. The accounting policies are based on these theories but to some extent all the assumption and every aspect of the normative theory is not followed by the organisation like the organisation do not follow a unique and single set of policy to records its assets for indefinite point of time. Like IAS 38 prescribes the rules and methods which have to be followed while recognising and measuring the intangibles assets (Deloitte, 2011). Positive theories: The positive theories are very different from that of the normative theory. Some of the important positive theories are positive accounting theory, legitimacy t heory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory. The basic premise of the positive accounting theory is explaining and predicting the accounting practices which can be actually followed by the accountants. Thus the nature of positive accounting theory is descriptive rather than subjective. The normative view of accounting is opinion based which tell what the accountants should do rather than predicting what actually can be done.

Social Impact Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Impact Paper - Essay Example Many such technologies may lay claim to having been the key milestones in this path of human development. These claims are validated by the impact they have had on human beings and the changes in societal patterns that have resulted from such technological inventions and discoveries. The invention of the wheel is often considered as that which has had the greatest impact on human progress (1). In the same line of thought then the invention of the internal combustion engine has a strong impact on the sped and direction of human progress since its invention, not so long ago in the history of human progress. The impact of the internal combustion engine on human progress has been on a broad. Within the limits of this paper it is not possible to deal with every aspect of social impact that the invention of the internal combustion has. Therefore, this paper limits itself to evaluating the social impact of the gas powered internal combustion engine from the limited perspective of contribution to human progress in overland transportation, with particular emphasis on automobiles and the manner in which it has impacted on society. History The basic technology involved in the internal combustion engine can be truly said to be derived from the gunpowder engine developed in the seventeenth century. Two centuries were to elapse before the technology involved in the gunpowder engine could be harnessed into the internal combustion engine. ... Though passenger cars were developed using steam engine, the best use of steam engines was seen in the engines developed for hauling the locomotives of the train. The deficiencies of large engine size and lower efficiency made the steam engines unsuitable for widespread use in passenger vehicles. By the second half of the nineteenth century the search was on for a more efficient engine (2) Technological advances occur in what appears to be a predetermined sequence, one setting the ground for the other, and when the right idea is seeded into this advance of technology, further advances are made (3). The fundamental idea of the internal combustion engine gas was conceived through the principles contained in the gunpowder engine and the steam engine. The reason for the idea progressing to reality was finding the ideal fuel for the internal combustion engine. In the nineteenth century the availability of coal gas and petroleum removed this barrier to progress in the development of the ga s powered internal combustion engine (2). The high energy fuel of petroleum in a mixture with air on ignition produces a rapid and powerful explosion. From 1860 to1880 the means for harnessing the energy of these explosions to power an internal combustion was under active experimentation and the results were soon forthcoming. Most of these experiments were in Germany and not surprisingly the early results sprang from Germany. Two sets of pioneers of the internal combustion engine using petroleum products emerged in the form of Daimler and Maybach on one side and Karl Benz on the other side. While Daimler and Maybach delivered early initial results of an internal combustion engine that could be used on two-wheelers, Karl

Organizational change part i Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational change part i - Essay Example All stakeholders have to be involved in the change process for it to be effective. There are various types of change depending on which part of the organization needs to be changed. The most critical part of organizational change lies with the leaders. An organization’s leaders have to manage the change through planning, assessment and evaluation and have to ensure that every stakeholder in the organization buys in to the ides of change and is involved in it (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). Despite change being recognized as an inevitable and necessary evil in almost all spheres of life, organizational change poses a lot of challenges to leaders. Effective management of organizational change takes four main steps namely; recognizing the need to have effect the change, planning for the change, training staff with regard to the impending change, and getting support from the employees and other stakeholders during the change process (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). The first step involves conducting a systematic diagnosis of the organization as it is currently so as to identify the need for initiating change and determine the organization’s ability to manage the change. Planning process involves determining the objectives of the change as well as outlining the procedures to be taken when effecting the change. At the end of the change process, it is necessary to conduct an assessment of the whole process to determine if the objectives were met. Organizational change can be said to be successful if it meets its objectives and the benefits of the change are realized by the management and employees of the organization (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). Successful change also improves communication among employees and other stakeholders. Health care organizations have also encountered numerous challenges that have often forced them to change in one way or another so as to effectively treat patients (Rashid, 2007). Changes in lifestyles have led to emergence of new diseases while technology has made treatment of some diseases much easier. Healthcare organizations need to adopt technology and also support research so as to discover better ways of fighting diseases. This requires a change of strategy, mission, and mode of operation or human resource. In some cases change may be needed in all aspects of the organization (Rashid, 2007). Readiness for change is one of the issues that change management experts have focused on in the recent few years by recommending strategies that organizations need to take in order to be fully prepared for change. Readiness for change is a very crucial concept in healthcare given the ever changing nature of treatment. Healthcare organizations have to be strategically positioned so as to meet the demands brought about by change (Rashid, 2007). An organization’s readiness for change depends on various factors such as organizational culture, flexibility of the organization’s policies, and the abi lity of leaders to manage changes in the working environment. Managing change in a healthcare facility is not different from other organizations. The leaders have to be very assertive and proactive in steering health organizations in the right direction. This requires constant assessment of the current level of operations in the organization and determining what needs to be done so as to help improve treatment of patients. Departmental heads

Utilitarian versus Retributivist Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Utilitarian versus Retributivist Views - Essay Example The essence, focal points, main ideas and the merits of these two main theories are therefore to be discussed forthwith, in the ensuing discourse. Primarily, utilitarianism places focus on the consequences of the punishment, while retributivism is concerned with the retributive justice which is associated with the infliction of harm on the transgressor. Ideas Used In Utilitarian or Retributivist Theories Given that that utilitarianism is both a theory of punishment and ethics, it mainly takes on a consequentialist nature, because of its particular focus on the consequences of actions that have been executed by a particular group or an individual. Because of this, the moral theoretical standpoint of utilitarianism is that the balance of good and bad in a given action generates either good or bad. Under the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, pain stems from the bad, while pleasure, from the good. Because of this, pain and pleasure are taken by utilitarians as the y ardsticks for values in a utilitarian system. The import of this is that utilitarians deem punishment as being evil in itself, or intrinsically evil. The evil that utilitarians see in the infliction of punishment is premised on the assumption that punishment heralds suffering or unhappiness. Utilitarians hold it that despite the negative connotations of punishment, yet its consequences can be positive, and hence, justifiable (Ewing, 1927). On the converse, retributionists see punishment as being intrinsically good. In fact, so convinced are retributionists about the goodness of punishment that that they assert that even if it appears that nothing beneficial will come from the meting out of punishment, yet it is expedient. This is to the extent that Emmanuel Kant waxes polemical that even if the end of the world should be imminent, yet the need to execute the last murder convict in prison is still indispensible. To retributivism, the meting out of punishment is intrinsically good sin ce: it is needful for the dispensation of justice; it allows people the chance to be treated in the manner that they deserve; and it allows people to treat one another with utmost respect, as autonomous agents, given that their choices and actions determine how they will be treated, in turn. In this case, there is justification of punishment since it is premised on a rational individual’s action. To utilitarians, the retributional approach to punishment and justification is unfavorable since it only increases the extent of suffering in the world, instead of abating it. Again, utilitarians posit that by vouching for the meting out of punishment, instead of reducing the suffering of this world, retributionists compound them, without making any reimbursements for them. Because of this, the retributionist approach does not move the world towards utmost happiness (the greatest pleasure for the greatest number), but away from it. The gravity of this is that utilitarianism takes awa y from the justification of punishment, given that punishment imposes suffering (Leo, 2006). Instead, for the utilitarians, the justification

Psychology College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology College - Essay Example The basic purpose of this paper was to simulate a situation where one had to deal with finding a solution to a problem without having certain cognitive brain functions at our disposal. Before moving on to the actual crux of the paper, I would like to mention a few salient points which will enable the reader to better understand my sentiments in regards to brain damage and neuropsychological problems. The reason why I have such strong sentiments in this case is due to the fact that one of my cousins's suffered the same fate. At the age of 9, he was involved in a traumatic accident during which he sustained injuries to the head and brain. Although the doctors were able to save his life, he lost sight in his left eye, arm and legs. His brain functions were also permanently impaired. Before the accident, he was a bright boy with much promise of the future but the accident nearly destroyed him completely. It took him years of recovery to get to where he is now. Presently, he has adapted so well to his condition that he has completed high school, went on to complete a degree at his local community college and eventually ended up working as an animator. His dream is design an animated cartoon such as Shrek. The above paragraph will define the main crux of my paper for you. My belief is that no matter how badly impaired one might be the use of proper therapy and sheer will power can hel p you to adapt to your impairment. In order to properly simulate the required situation, I had briefed my friend, Jessica, two days prior to our engagement so that she would be better prepared for the task at hand. Consequently, we locked ourselves in my room and accordingly, I had her write something down on a piece of paper which she then duly placed in her pocket and away from my prying eyes. Now the fact of the matter is that I've known Jessica since we were in pre-school so I was confident that I would be able to guess what she'd written. However, since we could not communicate in anyway posed quite a lot of problems which will be duly mentioned as this paper continues. At first, Jessica made no attempt to help in anyway. Therefore, for the first 20 minutes I just sat there wondering what I had gotten myself into. My decision of providing Jessica with every detail of my project was turning out to be a bad one because she would try her hardest to beat me at it. However, I've always been stubborn and therefore I was not about to give up that easily. I knew without doubt that I would have to adopt a methodical approach towards finding a solution to the problem that lay before me and that was what I did. Before we had begun the exercise, Jessica and I had agreed upon a basic method of using a modified version of charades. Consequently, I started by pointing towards different things in the room and picking them up. On some objects she would nod while on others she would just shake her head. Now it was my task to firstly figure out what sort of system she had conjured up in her mind and then to decode it in order to use it. I started off by writing down all the letters in the name of the object e.g. cushion, chair, pen etc. Now what I needed to figure out was which letters to use and which not to and in which order as well. One other possibility was also whether she had chosen a number

Domestic Violence and Elder Abuse Policy Research Paper

Domestic Violence and Elder Abuse Policy - Research Paper Example The problem statement for this study is elderly abuse as a social problem considered as a complex phenomenon lacking a single and consistent definition. It falls under the wider domestic abuse and mistreatment definition which encompass â€Å"incidents perpetrated by either a family member or a member of the victim’s household†¦ to include physical, psychological, or financial abuse, and neglect,† referring to the elderly as the victim. Elderly, too, may be of contention since acceptable age range or bracket may be different from one institution or state to another. It was observed that resolution of elder abuse require multidisciplinary approach of which administrators form adult protective services and the criminal justice system cooperate to address cases and prevent repetition and escalation of the abusive acts as there are possibilities that unreported and undeterred abusers may turn to more victims.Local law enforcement have jurisdiction to investigate any co mplaint of elderly abuse and another investigative body is the adult protective services or APS. APS is usually the agency that handles elder mistreatment. McNamee and Murphy cited lack of knowledge about elder abuse with the case of nursing home caretaker Charles Cullen as example. In 2004, Cullen admitted to administering fatal doses of medication to about 40 patients in various institutions over a 16-year period indicating the extent of knowledge on the recognition of abuse, incidences, prevention, and prosecution. The lack of standard for recognition of elder abuse was cited as a major factor in the lagging knowledge about the maltreatment (McNamee and Murphy, 2006). There is a need to rely on forensic markers in order to identify abuse and neglect. However, this was also seen as problematic because caregivers, APS agencies, and physicians lacked training to determine injuries caused by mistreatment and those that came from accident, illness or aging (McNamee and Murphy, 2006). Elderly individuals, too, also experience signs and symptoms that are disease related which may be mistaken for abuse or maltreatment. Thus, caretakers, family members, and health professionals are not alarmed about the real causes even when incidents lead to death (McNamee and Murphy, 2006). Facts and Figures The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting noted that in 2004 that there were 1,551,143 reported incidents of family violence between 1996 and 2001; that 20,955 elderly relatives were victims of simple assault during that period. A study on elderly sexual abuse, Burgess (2006) reported that among the 284 victims under study, the mean age was 78.8 years and that majority or 82.3% were Caucasians. The majority also consisted of 93.2% females with only 6.8%

Organizational change part i Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational change part i - Essay Example All stakeholders have to be involved in the change process for it to be effective. There are various types of change depending on which part of the organization needs to be changed. The most critical part of organizational change lies with the leaders. An organization’s leaders have to manage the change through planning, assessment and evaluation and have to ensure that every stakeholder in the organization buys in to the ides of change and is involved in it (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). Despite change being recognized as an inevitable and necessary evil in almost all spheres of life, organizational change poses a lot of challenges to leaders. Effective management of organizational change takes four main steps namely; recognizing the need to have effect the change, planning for the change, training staff with regard to the impending change, and getting support from the employees and other stakeholders during the change process (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). The first step involves conducting a systematic diagnosis of the organization as it is currently so as to identify the need for initiating change and determine the organization’s ability to manage the change. Planning process involves determining the objectives of the change as well as outlining the procedures to be taken when effecting the change. At the end of the change process, it is necessary to conduct an assessment of the whole process to determine if the objectives were met. Organizational change can be said to be successful if it meets its objectives and the benefits of the change are realized by the management and employees of the organization (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). Successful change also improves communication among employees and other stakeholders. Health care organizations have also encountered numerous challenges that have often forced them to change in one way or another so as to effectively treat patients (Rashid, 2007). Changes in lifestyles have led to emergence of new diseases while technology has made treatment of some diseases much easier. Healthcare organizations need to adopt technology and also support research so as to discover better ways of fighting diseases. This requires a change of strategy, mission, and mode of operation or human resource. In some cases change may be needed in all aspects of the organization (Rashid, 2007). Readiness for change is one of the issues that change management experts have focused on in the recent few years by recommending strategies that organizations need to take in order to be fully prepared for change. Readiness for change is a very crucial concept in healthcare given the ever changing nature of treatment. Healthcare organizations have to be strategically positioned so as to meet the demands brought about by change (Rashid, 2007). An organization’s readiness for change depends on various factors such as organizational culture, flexibility of the organization’s policies, and the abi lity of leaders to manage changes in the working environment. Managing change in a healthcare facility is not different from other organizations. The leaders have to be very assertive and proactive in steering health organizations in the right direction. This requires constant assessment of the current level of operations in the organization and determining what needs to be done so as to help improve treatment of patients. Departmental heads